文章内容及数据全部来自柴静、优酷网和人民网联合首发的演讲视频《柴静雾霾调查:穹顶之下》
你也许在朋友圈转发了这条优酷视频链接,还没来得及点开或看完这个长达103分钟的演讲视频。为了方便阅读,北京城市云图的工作人员在看完视频后整理编辑了这篇文字内容,告诉你关于雾霾,柴静都讲了哪些问题。
有部分内容如插入动画等无法呈现在文字里。希望你仍能抽空打开视频,静下心来听柴静说说她和雾霾的私人恩怨。
PM2.5,是空气动力学直径小于2.5微米的颗粒,能折射大量可见光,留给我们一个可见度很低的世界。我们看不见它,因为肉眼能看到的颗粒物,最小的也是PM2.5的20倍。
这是一个看不见敌人的战争。但通过PM2.5采样仪可以把它拽出来。
这是在2014年11月26日做的测验,把一个非常干净的采样膜放在采样仪里面,然后背着这个仪器24小时。24小时后,采样膜变成了这样:
这一天的PM2.5的值是305.91每立方米,几乎是中国标准值(75)的5倍,欧洲标准值(50)的6倍,美国标准值(37.5)的8倍,世界卫生组织标准值(25)的12倍。
这只是一个耸动的数字,而这个采样膜的里头到底是什么物质?
北大邱兴华博士做了一个测试,分析出来的结果是:当中有15种致癌物。其中,世界上最强的致癌物之一,苯并[a]芘,是国家标准的14倍。所有这些致癌物都附着在那个黑色采样膜的表面,这种叫做黑炭的物质上。它非常小,只有0.2微米,但是一个锁链的结构。如果打开的话,2克黑炭能有整个篮球场那么大,能吸附很多的致癌物和重金属。
在中国,这样的黑炭有多少呢?
这是2009年NASA(美国航空航天局)做的一个测算,那个紫的发白发亮的地方是中国。黑炭像幽灵一样在我们的上空飘荡。
所以我去找了北大,他们有一个实验室,我说我能不能当一个志愿者,你把我放在一个高浓度的实验舱里面,测试一下我的身体反应,这样我可以告诉大家。
他犹豫了一下对我说,不好意思这个实验没法做。我问为什么。他说,你知道,每一个实验都要有一个伦理安全值,这个安全值要保证受试者不能受到太大的伤害。但如果我设定这个值的话,外面大气比里面实验舱的空气污染浓度还要高。换一句话说就是,我们每一个人,都生活在一个终生暴露的实验舱里。
那么,PM2.5对人的身体危害有哪些?
这是中科院提供的测算,这个复杂的图表显示的是,当PM2.5的值升高的时候,人群的死亡率是随之上升的。中国的前卫生部部长陈竺的测算结果是,在中国,每年因为大气污染过早死亡的人数是50万人。其中,小孩和老人是最易受雾霾威胁的人群。
这些小孩才都两个月大,还没有出过门,但是已经得了肺炎,在接受雾化治疗。他们的父母让我拍下他们,怀疑是重雾霾期间因为没有防护导致的。但医生跟他们说,我只能给你诊断为不明原因肺炎,因为还没有目前的流行病学调查,但我可以告诉你的数据是这样的,在2013年1月份,重雾霾期间,全国27个城市都出现了急诊人数的爆发性增长。
可是我们该怎么办呢?要不要把小孩尽快送到雾霾天里去,锻炼适应?
曾经空气污染严重地区洛杉矶的预防医学教授Edward Lawrence Avol说:“我不认为有任何信息表明,让孩子多暴露在空气污染中能帮助他们产生’适应性’。如果让他们暴露在污染空气中的第一天,他们受到一部分的功能损伤。他们暴露的第二天,他们的损伤没有第一天那么多,但这不是因为他们有了适应性,而是他们已经失去了这一部分功能。损害已经发生。目前世界各国的研究表明,在更干净的地方长大的孩子的肺生长速度比污染地区长大的孩子要快。年幼时发育不全的肺功能,很可能导致成长后的肺部疾病。所以,在孩子还在发育成长的时候,对空气质量做点什么,你可以让他的人生因此改变。”
呼吸是没有办法选择,也没有办法逃避的。你的每一口呼吸它都在。一个成年人每天要呼吸大概两万五千次,天长日久,日积月累。这些东西在我们的肺里会是什么样子?
北京肿瘤医院有一位患者和医生同意我们拍摄记录了这场手术。她是一位早期的肺癌患者,50岁,她跟家人都没有吸烟史,但来自于一个空气质量不太好的城市。手术显示,患者身体中只有肺的淋巴结是黑色,因为肺吸入了很多粉尘。而淋巴系统是人的免疫、防疫功能。这些黑色物质将淋巴系统的防疫功能锻炼得疲劳了。
WHO世界卫生组织告诉我们,颗粒物是被列为人类的一级致癌物。
但是,此处有两个疑问:
一是,如果是肺癌的话,应该有一个十年左右的潜伏期,可是雾霾不是这两年才听说吗?怎么会这么快就导致肺癌呢?
根据NASA提供的近10年来华北上空的卫星图片显示,在10年前,2005年的时候,华北地区就已经受到了雾霾的侵袭。可是我不能相信,因为我就在华北天空下生活,这十年来我怎么没有觉察到雾霾的存在?
于是我找了我国奥运空气质量保障小组的组长唐孝炎院士,她给了我这条曲线。这是2004年,11年前,那时候我们还没有PM2.5的检测,但我们有PM10,她说根据当时的估算,那个时候在污染期的话,PM2.5可以达到三百到四百,属于今天的严重污染。
我问她,难道我失明了吗?2004年的时候我在北京。
她说,你看看这张照片吧。再查一下当天新闻报道的标题,《北京首都机场因雾出现近年最严重航班延误》。
那个时候我们一直认为那是雾。我们一直把它叫做雾。
作为一个记者,我心里是有自责的。那些年我一直以为自己是在报道各类的污染事件。但我一直认为,好像我听到矿山的炮响才叫污染,我看到工厂的烟筒才叫污染。我从来没有想到过,原来我们生活在都市中心的人,我们每天看到的天空,那就是污染。我那个时候已经不再是记者了,我早就是当事人。
第二个疑问是,如果雾霾早就存在了,我小的时候家家户户都在烧煤油炉子,每晚都在呛人的味儿里睡着又醒来。我怎么没有听到那时候很多人得肺癌呢?
直到我认识了我们国家专门研究这个问题三十年的何兴舟教授,他给了我一本资料《我国二十六城市大气污染与居民死亡情况调查1976—1981》。根据这本书的结论,那个时候的大气污染已经跟居民的肺癌死亡率分布一致,那时候的大气污染就是煤烟性污染。只不过这份资料在当年是内部资料。
人们在当年并不是没有闻到呛人的味道,而是煤炭带来的温暖和能量在当时更重要。1980年前后,北京市内有三千七百家工厂,对一个充满发展渴望的农业大国来说,烟筒被认为是进步的标志。我们对污染远远缺少缺少经验、认识和控制技术。主要污染物没有指定标准。燃煤量虽然远不如今天,但排污量巨大。
从科研机构的PM2.5站点数据来看,2006年年均PM2.5浓度要高于今天。就在这一年,中国提出节能减排,设立二氧化硫等重要标准。此后,主要大气污染物开始整体降低,但是对能见度能产生影响的细颗粒物增加了,极端重度污染天数增加了。人们对污染感受强烈。
过去30年内,我国的肺癌死亡率上升了465%,虽然抽烟和老龄化仍然是这个数字的主要因素。但细颗粒物明确的致癌风险已经得到了越来越多的重视。
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